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The fabrication of carbon electrodes was as follows: activated carbon (active material), graphite powder (conductivity enhancing material), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE, binder), and carboxymethylcellulose (CMC, auxiliary binder) were mixed in a mass ratio of 90:4:4:2 and dispersed in deionized water (the mass ratio of carbon to water was set as 1:3). After stirring for several hours (typically 3 h), the slurry was cast onto aluminum foil (as a current collector, 30 mm in thickness) with an applicator. The carbon coated aluminum foil was then dried under vacuum at 120 °C for ca. 12 h, and punched in required size (16 mm in diameter) as electrodes. Apparent surface area of the electrode was ca. 2 cm2 and thickness was about 150 mm. Mass of active material in the activated carbon electrode was 4.96 mg.
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